Women's Empowerment: Bringing Women’s Rights and Health into Focus- A Comparative Analysis of State Fact Sheets of National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 & 5

Introduction: Women’s empowerment is a crucial factor for economic and social growth. India being committed to making women contribute equally to the growth of the country by 2030 (SDG-5), this study highlighted the major shortcomings in the domain of Women’s health, social and economic growth parameters. Methods: For this study, data related to health and non-health parameters were used from National Family Health Survey factsheets. In reference to “the Global Gender Gap measure by the World Economic Forum”, the indicators have been classified into 4 broad themes, for each of which, indicators were se-lected from NFHS factsheet for analysis, interpretation, and reporting. Results: A2.9% increase in the child sex ratio from 991 to 1022 females per 1000 males over the last two NFHS rounds, indicates a significant societal shift in the country. Out of 21 selected indicators, 4 pa-rameters namely Screening test for cervical and breast cancer, Marriage of women before 18 years of age and Anaemia amongst women have shown a negative change over the past 5 years. Conclusion: The study found that, India has made significant progress around the health, education, economic and social empowerment parameters. But to get an adequate assessment of developments, we need to expand the basket of indicators to holistically analyze change.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF JASMINE CULTIVATION TO RURAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SHIRVA, UDUPI DISTRICT-A CASE STUDY

Purpose: The purpose of the research in this context of the remarkable development of the Shirva area due to jasmine cultivation is to define, challenge, and overcome the various problems faced by farmers so that farmers can better shape their life's. The paper describes the jasmine crop's contribution to the development of rural areas. The growers of the jasmine crop have realised impressive economic benefits and increased their income as a result. This article also discover that the same procedures should have to be followed. This study based on primary data collected by 100 sample respondents from t Design/Methodology/Approach: he cultivators of jasmine and marketing people of Shirva. Secondary data was collected from journal papers, books, web pages, and other scholarly writings. Finding/Result: The study helps us to understand the involvement of jasmine growers in the economic growth of the area, thereby attaining allaround development. Achivement of economic growth, free flow of funds, and other challenges to jasmine and its marketing. Originality/Value: This study is an attempt to trace the role of jasmine farmers in the development of the rural area and the factors responsible for the economic growth and development of the farmers. case study-based research analysis.

A Study On Fdi Trends In India Since 2000

Since the liberalization of trade regulations, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a crucial role in the expansion of Indian economy, both at the macro and sector levels. The connection between FDI and economic expansion is a debatable subject worldwide. The volume of inflow varies due to a variety of regional, national, and global factors that affect investment choices. Critical policy changes and proactive decision-making demonstrated the government's exceptional resilience, which even helped to mitigate the pandemic's harm. The potential impact of FDI on important macroeconomic indicators is examined in this research paper. In order to analyze the trend of the economic route of future, the study shows the sectoral division of FDI influx. Understanding the divides and patterns helped to provide insight on how the economy was evolving. Changes to regimes are still being made by policymakers in an effort to attract FDI

Employment creation in industrial sector in rural areas and its effectiveness in the productivity and economic development - A Conceptual Study

This paper examines the potential for industrial sector-specific productivity growth in that, human capital, economic growth of the industry, and infrastructure to contribute to the development of stable, well-paid employment in rural areas of low-income groups in India. In this paper the particular emphasis is placed on the creation of the employment and its applications in the rural areas. The employment creation and its way that different sectors of the rural economy interact with its new applications help us to know the implications on economy. A simple theoretical and conceptual framework and the descriptive analysis of available secondary data from India scenario and Indian rural areas suggests that more emphasis should be placed on increasing the productivity of the employees so that they can incorporate local areas to grow to a developed extent. This paper mainly focusses the targeted rural regions where the manpower can be utilized to increase the productivity and also helps in achieving the greater outcome which can be major contribution to economic growth and development. India can be regarded as developed country only when the major rural population gets literate, acquire employment and contributes towards the growth of the country through knowledge, standards and performance. This can be achieved through the creation of such opportunities to rural poor by introduction of various sectors and its advancements.

Inovação tecnológica no Brasil: desafios e insumos para políticas públicas / Innovación tecnológica en Brasil: desafíos e insumos para las políticas públicas / Technological innovation in Brazil: challenges and inputs for public policies

Resumo Este artigo oferece uma breve reflexão sobre a natureza do investimento em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) no Brasil. Seu objetivo é proporcionar alguns insumos para avançar no debate sobre esse tema na sociedade brasileira. Desde 1999, o Brasil tem aumentado de maneira consistente o seu investimento em P&D, considerado um dos insumos para inovação e produtividade. Porém, tal esforço tem gerado resultados limitados. Esses resultados limitados não parecem refletir mera insuficiência de investimentos em inovação no Brasil, mas a maneira e a eficácia de sua implementação.

Resumen Este artículo ofrece una breve reflexión sobre la naturaleza de la inversión en investigación y desarrollo (I&D) en Brasil. Su objetivo es brindar algunos insumos para avanzar en el debate sobre este tema en la sociedad brasileña. Desde 1999, Brasil ha aumentado constantemente su inversión en I&D, considerada uno de los insumos para la innovación y la productividad. Sin embargo, tal esfuerzo ha dado resultados limitados. Dichos resultados no parecen reflejar la mera insuficiencia de las inversiones en innovación en Brasil, sino la forma y efectividad de su implementación.

Abstract: This article offers a brief reflection on the nature of research and development (R&D) investment in Brazil, contributing to advancing the debate on this topic. R&D is one of the bases of innovation and productivity, and since 1999 Brazil has consistently increased investment in this area. However, this effort has yielded limited results, suggesting that supplying sufficient resources must be accompanied by effective implementation strategies.

Impactos da estrutura etária sobre o desempenho econômico das regiões do Brasil entre 1991 e 2010 / Impacts of the age structure on the economic performance of Brazilian regions between 1991 and 2010 / Impactos de la estructura de edad sobre el desempeño económico de las regiones brasileñas entre 1991 y 2010

Este estudo objetiva analisar como a estrutura etária afetou o desempenho econômico das regiões brasileiras nas décadas de 1990 a 2010. Para a investigação proposta, são usadas, principalmente, as informações disponibilizadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) nas edições de 1991, 2000 e 2010 do Censo Demográfico. A estratégia empírica adotada consiste na estimação de um modelo de autocorrelação espacial pelo método de mínimos quadrados em dois estágios espaciais. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a razão de dependência infantil quanto a de idosos possuem impacto negativo sobre o crescimento econômico, sendo que os efeitos são mais acentuados nas regiões menos desenvolvidas. Ainda, observou-se que, quando significativo, o efeito da razão de dependência de idosos é mais acentuado em relação à infantil.

This study aims to analyze how age structure affected the economic performance of Brazilian regions between the 1990s and 2010. For this research, information is mainly taken from that provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) through the 1991, 2000 and 2010 editions of the Demographic Census. The empirical strategy adopted consists of the estimation of a model of spatial autocorrelation by the two-stage least squares method. The results showed that both child and elderly dependency ratio have a negative impact on economic growth, with the effects being more pronounced in less developed regions. Still, it was found that, when significant, the effect of the elderly dependency ratio is more pronounced in relation to children.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar cómo la estructura de edad afectó el desempeño económico de las regiones brasileñas desde la década del noventa hasta la primera del siglo xxi. Para la investigación propuesta, se utilizan principalmente las informaciones proporcionadas por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE) a través de las ediciones de 1991, 2000 y 2010 del censo demográfico. La estrategia empírica adoptada consiste en la estimación de un modelo de autocorrelación espacial por el método de mínimos cuadrados en dos etapas. Los resultados mostraron que tanto el índice de dependencia infantil como el de ancianos tienen un impacto negativo en el crecimiento económico, y los efectos son más pronunciados en las regiones menos desarrolladas. Aun así, se encontró que, cuando es significativo, el efecto de la relación de dependencia de ancianos es más pronunciado en relación con los niños.

The impact of agriculture trade and exchange rate on economic growth of Pakistan: an NARDL and asymmetric analysis approach / O impacto do comércio agrícola e da taxa decâmbio no crescimento econômico do Paquistão: uma abordagem de análise NARDL e assimétrica

ABSTRACT: This study contributes to the extant literature on the nexus among agriculture export, import exchange rate and economic growth in Pakistan. We used annual time series data for 1980-2017 and employ the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. The NARDL testing results affirms asymmetric co-integration among the variables. The study main results show: (i) Co-integration test for long run the positive shocks in export and import have positive significant while exchange rate has positive effect the economic growth. (ii) Co-integration test for short run the positive shocks in import has positive significant and while Export and exchange rate have negative significant effect on economic growth. The symmetrical results show: (i) Export has unidirectional granger causality (ii) Exchange rate has bidirectional granger causality (iii) Import has not ganger causality with economic growth. In addition, the results demonstrated that causality relationship can help out policy maker to design such policies which are useful to economic growth of Pakistan, which could further promote foreign trade to gain the maximum level of economic growth.

RESUMO: Este estudo contribui para a literatura existente sobre o nexo entre exportação agrícola, taxa de câmbio de importação e crescimento econômico no Paquistão. Utilizamos dados de séries temporais anuais para 1980-2017 e empregamos o modelo Não-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL). Os resultados dos testes NARDL afirmam a co-integração assimétrica entre as variáveis. Os principais resultados do estudo mostram: (i) no teste de co-integração de longo prazo, os choques positivos nas exportações e importações têm uma significância positiva, enquanto a taxa de câmbio afeta positivamente o crescimento econômico; (ii) Teste de co-integração para curto prazo, os choques positivos nas importações são positivos significativos e, enquanto a exportação e a taxa de câmbio têm um efeito negativo significativo no crescimento econômico. Os resultados simétricos mostram: (i) a exportação tem causalidade unidirecional sobre o crescimento ; (ii) a taxa de câmbio tem causalidade bidirecional sobre o crescimento ; (iii) a importação não tem causalidade sobre o crescimento econômico. Além disso, os resultados demonstraram que a relação de causalidade pode ajudar o formulador de políticas a elaborar políticas úteis ao crescimento econômico do Paquistão, o que poderia promover ainda mais o comércio exterior para obter o nível máximo de crescimento econômico.

La contribución del sector de la construcción sobre el producto interno bruto PIB en Ecuador / The contribution of the construction sector on the gross domestic product gdp in Ecuador / A contribuição do sector da construção no produto interno bruto PIB no período do Equador

Resumen Introducción: La contribución del sector de la construcción en todos los países es crucial para el desarrollo económico y social. Por lo que se compara si en Ecuador se da el mismo comportamiento como se ha dado en países europeos y asiáticos. Objetivo: El presente trabajo pretende determinar la contribución del sector de la construcción sobre el Producto Interno Bruto PIB real (constante). Para ello, es fundamental realizar una revisión literaria sobre la relación entre las variables de entrada -salidas (inputs-outputs) IO. Sector construcción - Producto Interno Bruto. Métodos y materiales: se aplicó una metodología concluyente correlacional integral. Resultados: el sector de la construcción, contribuya de manera positiva en el total de producto interno bruto PIB real en Ecuador periodo 2010-2016. Conclusiones: este comportamiento no solo se da en países de primer mundo sino también en Ecuador.

Abstract Introduction: The contribution of the construction sector in all countries is crucial for economic and social development. For what it is compared if in Ecuador the same behavior occurs as has occurred in European and Asian countries. Objective: The present work tries to determine the contribution of the construction sector on the Gross Domestic Product Real GDP (constant). For this, it is essential to make a literary review about the relationship between the input variables-outputs (outputs-outputs) IO. Construction sector- Gross Domestic Product. Methods and materials: a comprehensive correlational conclusive methodology was applied. Results: the construction sector, contributes positively in the total gross domestic product Real GDP in Ecuador period 2010-2016. Conclusions: this behavior occurs not only in first world countries but also in Ecuador.

Resumo Introdução: A contribuição do setor da construção em todos os países é crucial para o desenvolvimento econômico e social. Para o que é comparado se no Equador o mesmo comportamento ocorre como ocorreu em países europeus e asiáticos. Objetivo: O presente trabalho procura determinar a contribuição do setor da construção no PIB real do Produto Interno Bruto (constante). Para isso, é essencial fazer uma revisão literária sobre a relação entre as variáveis de entrada-saídas (saídas-saídas) IO. Setor de Construção-Produto Interno Bruto. Métodos e materiais: aplicou-se uma metodologia conclusiva correlacional abrangente. Resultados: o setor de construção, contribui positivamente no produto interno bruto total do PIB real no período equatoriano 2010-2016. Conclusões: esse comportamento ocorre não apenas nos países do primeiro mundo, mas também no Equador.

Government Health Expenditure and Economic Growth: Analysis Based on Endogenous Growth Model / 中国卫生经济

Objective:To analyze the economic growth effect of government health expenditure and discuss the optimal decision about the proportion of govemment health expenditure.Methods:Based on the endogenous growth model with family and government,the optimal control method was used to deduce and analyze the theoretical model.Results:The government health expenditure has a nonlinear relationship of the impact on economic growth,the critical value of the optimal proportion depended on the output share of healthy,the output share of productive capital and the contribution share of government health expenditure to healthy.Conclusion:The government should determine the reasonable proportion of health expenditure according to the stage of economic development.

Medición económica de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones en Colombia a través de la función Cobb Douglas / Economic measurement of the information technologies and communications in Colombia through the Cobb-Douglas function / Medição econômica das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na Colômbia através da função Cobb Douglas

Resumen El documento tiene por objetivo presentar los resultados de aplicar la función de producción Cobb Douglas para la medición sobre diversos factores productivos, entre ellos las TIC, en un país como Colombia que se encuentra en desarrollo. La revisión literaria contempló modelos de crecimiento económico desde Arrow (1962) hasta Barro y Romer (1990). También el análisis de 249 artículos de la base de datos Scopus comprendidos en el periodo 2001- 2015, para determinar aplicaciones, metodologías, técnicas, externalidades y variables. Se diseñaron bases de datos para aplicar el modelo de crecimiento económico desde Cobb Douglas en el contexto colombiano, con series temporales entre 1998 y el 2015. Se utilizaron métodos econométricos como la metodología de Johansen, pruebas de raíces unitarias y simultaneidad para evaluar las series y su uso desde la conceptualización Cobb Douglas. El trabajo construye bases de datos para medir la relación de las TIC con el producto y otras variables. Los resultados indican que en Colombia sí existen efectos de rendimientos constantes entre las TIC y el producto, se requiere más interés por la información, es indispensable desarrollar el capital humano y optimizar la inversión TIC para alcanzar eficiencia sostenida del sector en la economía. Códigos JEL: 047, O41, D24, C32, C32, C87.

Abstract The document aims to present the results of applying the function of Cobb Douglas production for the measurement of various production factors, including ICTs, in a country like Colombia, which is in development. The literature review looked at models of economic growth from Arrow (1962) to Barro and Romer (1990). Also the analysis of 249 Scopus database articles included in the period 20012015, to determine applications, methodologies, techniques, externalities and variables. Databases were designed to apply the model of economic growth from Cobb Douglas in the Colombian context, with time series between 1998 and 2015. This paper evidence Econometrics methods as the methodology of Johansen, testing of unit roots and simultaneity to evaluate the series and use from the Cobb Douglas conceptualization. The work builds databases to measure the ratio of ICT with the product and other variables. The results indicate that in Colombia there are effects of constant yields between ICT and the product, required more interest in the information, it is essential to develop human capital and optimize ICT investment to achieve sustained efficiency sector in the economy. JEL classification: 047, O41, D24, C32, C32, C87.

Resumo O objetivo do documento é apresentar os resultados da aplicação da função de produção de Cobb Douglas para a mensuração de vários fatores produtivos, incluindo as TIC, em um país como a Colômbia que está em desenvolvimento. A revisão literária contemplou modelos de crescimento econômico da Arrow (1962) para Barro e Romer (1990). Também a análise de 249 artigos da base de dados Scopus incluída no período 2001-2015, para determinar aplicações, metodologias, técnicas, externalidades e variáveis. As bases de dados foram concebidas para aplicar o modelo de crescimento econômico de Cobb Douglas no contexto colombiano, com séries temporais entre 1998 e 2015. Métodos econométricos, como a metodologia Johansen, testes de raiz unitária e simultaneidade, foram utilizados para avaliar as séries e é o uso da conceituação de Cobb Douglas. O trabalho cria bases de dados para medir a relação das TIC com o produto e outras variáveis. Os resultados indicam que na Colômbia há efeitos de retornos constantes entre as TIC e o produto, é necessário mais interesse para a informação, é essencial desenvolver o capital humano e otimizar o investimento em TIC para alcançar a eficiência sustentada do setor na economia. Classificações JEL: 047, O41, D24, C32, C32, C87.

Alocação dos gastos públicos e crescimento econômico: um estudo em painel para os estados brasileiros / La alocación de los gastos públicos y crecimiento económico: un estudio de datos en panel aplicado a los estados de Brasil / The allocation of government spending and economic growth: a panel data study of Brazilian states

Resumo Tendo em vista as restrições orçamentárias impostas aos governos, em contextos de crises e ajustes fiscais, faz-se necessária a discussão acerca do efeito da alocação dos gastos públicos sobre o estado da economia. Nesse sentido, o presente ensaio busca discutir os efeitos da alocação do gasto público sobre o comportamento do PIB real dos estados brasileiros. Para tanto, foi utilizado um painel convencional de Efeitos Fixos (EF), no período de 1995-2011. Os gastos em: (i) administração e planejamento, (ii) judiciário, (iii) habitação e urbanismo e (iv) assistência e previdência mostraram-se produtivos e os gastos em: (i) educação e cultura e (ii) legislativo mostraram-se improdutivos. Foram encontradas evidências de que a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF) tem sido benéfica ao crescimento econômico dos estados brasileiros.

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza los efectos de la alocación del gasto público sobre el crecimiento económico de los estados de Brasil en el período de 1995-2011. La investigación se realizó mediante el análisis de datos en panel. Los resultados muestran que los gastos con el: (i) ejecutivo, (ii) judicial, (iii) habitación y (iv) bienestar social impactaron el crecimiento económico positivamente, mientras que los gastos en: (i) educación y (ii) legislativo no tuvieron impacto productivo sobre el crecimiento económico. Además, la introducción de reglas fiscales a través de la "Ley de Responsabilidad Fiscal" ha sido beneficiosa al crecimiento de los estados.

Abstract The effect of the allocation of government spending on the economy is currently a subject of interest given the fiscal budget constraints facing governments due to fiscal crises or adjustments. This paper thus seeks to study the effects of the allocation of government spending on the GDP behavior of Brazilian states from 1995 to 2011. Using a conventional FE (Fixed Effect) panel data model, this paper's main results are as follows: (i) administration and planning, (ii) judicial, (iii) housing and (iv) social assistance spending were found to be productive, while (i) education and culture and (ii) legislative spending were found to be unproductive. In addition, some evidence has been found that the introduction of public borrowing rules by the Fiscal Responsibility Law has been beneficial to the economic growth of Brazilian states.

Los objetivos macroeconómicos y las reformas tributarias 1986-2012 / The Macroeconomic Objectives and the 1986-2012 Tax Reforms

Los gobiernos, en la búsqueda del desarrollo y el crecimiento económico de su respectivo país, buscan la manera de garantizarlos a través de la elaboración de sus planes de desarrollo y de sus presupuestos anuales, apoyándose en sucesivas reformas tributarias. En Colombia, caso que nos ocupa, se analiza el papel que han tenido las reformas tributarias aprobadas entre los años 1986-2014 y la forma como participan en la ejecución del Presupuesto de la Nación (PN), identificando si estas reformas están más inclinadas al sostenimiento del Estado que a la propia motivación para lograr el anhelado crecimiento económico.

Governments, in the search for development and the economic growth of their corresponding countries, attempt to guarantee them through the design of development plans and their yearly budgets, drawing on successive tax reforms. In Colombia, which is our case, the role that the passed tax reforms that have been played, between 1986 and 2014, is analyzed, as well as the manner how they participate in the implementation of the National Budget (NB), identifying if these reforms are much more prone to the maintenance of the State than to the own motivation in order to achieve the desired economic growth.

Research on the Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Medical and Economic Coordination Development in Provincial Regions of China / 中国卫生经济

Objective:To explore of the medical and economic coordination development in provincial regions of China and its spatial-temporal evolution so as to provide new thought for researching the relationship between medical and economic growth.Methods:Based on physics concept and retated research,coordination development model was built to analyze the medical and economic coordination development in provincial regions of China.The exploratory spatial data analysis was used to analyze its spatial-temporal evolution.Results:There were certain progresses on medical and economic coordination development in provincial regions of China.Transition class regions were in the majority,while coordinated and unbalanced class regions were in the minority.The medical and economic coordination development degrees were agglomerated spatially.Both high and low values of medical and economic coordination development degrees are agglomerated obviously.Hot and sub-hot regions were mainly distributed in eastern and central China,while cold and sub-cold regions were mainly distributed in western China.Conclusion:Coordination development model could be applied for researching the medical and economic coordination development in provincial regions of China which provided new basis for further research on the relationship between medical and economic growth.

Construcción de un indicador líder compuesto para el Maule / Construction of a composite leading indicator for Maule

En términos generales, la investigación tiene como objetivo crear un indicador económico para el Maule que permita anticiparse al devenir de su ciclo económico, en consideración de sus principales actividades productivas. En específico, se pretende someter a pruebas estadísticas de significancia y validez a las principales series económicas de la región, de manera tal de seleccionar, por un lado, una serie de referencia de la actividad económica y, por otro, las series componentes del indicador. La metodología utilizada es aquella aplicada por la Nacional Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) en la creación de este tipo de indicadores para los países integrantes de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Como resultado de la investigación se logra seleccionar y validar empíricamente como serie de referencia para el Maule, al Índice de Actividad Económica Regional (INACER), y a las siguientes series componentes del indicador; ocupados, cesantes, buscan trabajo por primera vez, inactivos, edificación aprobada total obras nuevas y total de exportaciones. Con tales series, se construye un indicador predictivo del comportamiento económico para la región, denominado Índice Líder Compuesto para el Maule (ILCM).

Overall, the research aims to create an economic indicator for the Maule that allows anticipate the evolution of the economic cycle, in consideration of its main productive activities. Specifically, it aims to test statistical significance and validity to the main economic series in the region, so as to select the one hand, a number of reference of economic activity and other components series indicator. The methodology used is that applied by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in the creation of this type of indicators for the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). As a result of the research is done select and validate empirically as reference series for the Maule, the Regional Economic Activity Index (INACER), and the following components of the indicator series; employed, unemployed, seeking work for the first time, inactive, all new approved building works Total exports. With such series, a predictive indicator of economic performance for the region, called for the Maule Composite Index (ILCM) Leader is built.

Co-integration relation between residents’ health and economic development in China / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:This paper aims to explore the relationship between the residents’ health and economic de-velopment to provide a scientific basis which will promote the coordinated economy and health development. Methods:Adopting the entropy method, we could calculate the comprehensive health evaluation index. In combining the co-inte-gration and error correction models, we could analyze the long-term and short-term relationships between our country residents’ level of health since 2000 and the national macro-economic development information. The Granger causality test served as a good method used in testing the casual relationships. Results: The health and economic development has a co-integration relationship which is -0. 6216 in the short-term correction. The economic development extent is the Granger cause of residents’ health status. Conclusion:There is not only a long-term equilibrium, but also a short-term relationship between the residents’ health and economic development in our country. The economic growth pro-motes residents’ health status while the promotion of residents’ health to economic growth is not obvious.

Pobreza, violeniia y desarrollo económico en laprovincia de sugamuxi: un análiisis para el periodo 2000-2010 / Povrty, violencee and economic development in the povince of sugammuxi: an analysis for the period 2000-2010 (t0) / Poreza, violênciia e desenvolvimento económico na rovíncia de suggamuxi: uma análise para o período de 2000-2010

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los determinantes de la violencia que inciden sobre el desarrollo económico de los municipios de la provincia de Sugamuxi para el período 2000-2010. La metodología utilizada se basó en la construcción de un modelo de datos panel dinámico, con diferentes estimaciones que capturan los efectos y la evolución del capital humano, la incidencia de la producción per cápita, las variables de la violencia, la pobreza y sus diferentes efectos sobre el desarrollo económico de los municipios. Se encontró que los diferentes modelos estimados corroboran la hipótesis de que la violencia tiene incidencia negativa sobre el desarrollo económico de los municipios de la provincia de Sugamuxi, lo que corrobora la evidencia y los efectos de la violencia sobre el desarrollo. Los resultados sugieren que las diferentes formas de violencia tienen efectos perversos sobre el desarrollo, mientras que los diferentes niveles de educación inciden positivamente sobre el desarrollo económico de los municipios.

This research has as objective to analyze the determinants of violence that have an impact on the economic development of the municipalities of the Sugamuxi province between 2000 and 2010. The methodology used was based in the construction of a datummodel dynamic panel, with different estimates that capture the effects and evolution of human capital, the production influence per capita, the violence variables, the poverty and its different effects over the economic development of the municipalities. It was found that the different estimated models confirm the hypothesis that violence has a negative influence on the economic development of the municipalities of the Sugamuxi province, which corroborate the evidence and the effects of violence over development. The results suggest that the different ways of violence have perverse effects on the development; meanwhile the different levels of education have a positive impact on the economic development of the municipalities.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo fazer uma análise dos determinantes da violência que afetam o desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios da província de Sugamuxi para o período de 2000-2010. A metodologia usada foi baseada na construção de um modelo de dados em painel dinâmico, com diferentes estimativas que pegam os efeitos e a evolução do capital humano, a incidência da produção per cápita, as variáveis da violência, a pobreza e seus diversos efeitos sob o desenvolvimento económico dos municípios. Achou-se que nos diferentes modelos estimados corroboram a hipótese de que a violência tem uma incidência negativa sobre o desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios da província de Sugamuxi, corroborando a evidência e os efeitos da violência sobre o desenvolvimento. Os resultados sugerem que as diferentes formas de violência têm efeitos perversos sobre o desenvolvimento, enquanto que os diferentes níveis de ensino têm um impacto positivo sobre o desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios.

Greenhouse Gas Emission Determinants in Nigeria: Implications for Trade, Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Policies.

This study investigated and analyzed the determinants of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission in Nigeria. The study relied on secondary data from World Bank and Central Bank of Nigeria covering 40 years (1970-2009). The data were analyzed using Zellner’s Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SURE) model. The results of the analysis show that fossil energy demand or consumption, rents from forestry trade, agricultural land area expansion and farm technology were significant determinants of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the study area. On the other hand, the second equation indicated that fossil fuel energy demand was exogenously determined by economic growth rate (proxied by GDP growth rate) and farm technology applied in the country. It was recommended that Nigeria should put in place policies that will tax companies or firms emitting GHGs and utilize such tax proceeds for research and building the capacities of farmers to adapt to deleterious effect of climate change in the country and continent. The development of existing and new technologies for adapting to climate change and variability, building of environmental consciousness of Nigerians through curriculum restructuring and provision of weather information services by the Nigerian governments and their agencies to enable farmers plan against weather uncertainty and risks were also recommended.

The Dynamic Relationship of Total Health Expenditure and Economic Growth / 中国卫生经济

To study the dynamic relationship of total health expenditure and economic growth so as to provide references for designing health economic policies. Methods: Using the regression models with multiple structural changes to estimate the structural change point of model parameter. Results: Compared to the elastic coefficient of economic growth, the total health expenditure and social health expenditure remained stably, the elasticity coefficient of government spending on health increased after decreased while elastic coefficient of personal spending health costs decreased after increased. Conclusion:In the early years of 1990s, the responsibility of government in health care financing funding weakened, which led to the increasing personal expenses. The situation began to reverse since 2004.

Health Expenditure, Human Capital and Economic Growth：Based on Analysis of Simultaneous Equations / 中国卫生经济

Objective: To investigate the function of the heath expenditure in the role of the economic growth through the research on the effect by the human capital. Methods: To establish endogenous growth models and human capital growth models of simultaneous equations, to analyze the mechanism by the method of a three-stage least squares. Results: Growth of human capital is positively related to economic growth, health expenditure growth is negatively related to economic growth, health expenditure growth and growth of human capital is positively correlated. Conclusion: Influences of health expenditure growth on economic growth depends on the comprehensive response.

The Prediction on the Medical Cost under Aging Population and Economic Growth / 中国卫生经济

In next several decades, medical costs are going to increase significantly with the obvious increase of ageing population. The development trend of medical cost was predicted on the basis of over-cost growth model. The over-cost growth and the influencing factors of population and economics were first used to construct the time series model, then Monte Carlo approach was used in random simulation and finally the prediction result of medical cost in China was received.